368 lines
20 KiB
HTML
368 lines
20 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Tips on Writing Portable SQL for Multiple Databases for PHP</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor=white>
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<table width=100% border=0><tr><td><h2>Tips on Writing Portable SQL </h2></td><td>
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<div align=right><img src="cute_icons_for_site/adodb.gif"></div></td></tr></table>
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<p>Updated 6 Oct 2006. Added OffsetDate example.
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<p>Updated 18 Sep 2003. Added Portable Native SQL section.
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<p>
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If you are writing an application that is used in multiple environments and
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operating systems, you need to plan to support multiple databases. This article
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is based on my experiences with multiple database systems, stretching from 4th
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Dimension in my Mac days, to the databases I currently use, which are: Oracle,
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FoxPro, Access, MS SQL Server and MySQL. Although most of the advice here applies
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to using SQL with Perl, Python and other programming languages, I will focus on PHP and how
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the <a href="http://adodb.sourceforge.net/">ADOdb</a> database abstraction library
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offers some solutions.<p></p>
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<p>Most database vendors practice product lock-in. The best or fastest way to
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do things is often implemented using proprietary extensions to SQL. This makes
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it extremely hard to write portable SQL code that performs well under all conditions.
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When the first ANSI committee got together in 1984 to standardize SQL, the database
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vendors had such different implementations that they could only agree on the
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core functionality of SQL. Many important application specific requirements
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were not standardized, and after so many years since the ANSI effort began,
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it looks as if much useful database functionality will never be standardized.
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Even though ANSI-92 SQL has codified much more, we still have to implement portability
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at the application level.</p>
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<h3><b>Selects</b></h3>
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<p>The SELECT statement has been standardized to a great degree. Nearly every
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database supports the following:</p>
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<p>SELECT [cols] FROM [tables]<br>
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[WHERE conditions]<br>
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[GROUP BY cols]<br>
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[HAVING conditions] <br>
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[ORDER BY cols]</p>
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<p>But so many useful techniques can only be implemented by using proprietary
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extensions. For example, when writing SQL to retrieve the first 10 rows for
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paging, you could write...</p>
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<table width="80%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
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<tr>
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<td><b>Database</b></td>
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<td><b>SQL Syntax</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>DB2</td>
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<td>select * from table fetch first 10 rows only</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Informix</td>
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<td>select first 10 * from table</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Microsoft SQL Server and Access</td>
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<td>select top 10 * from table</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>MySQL and PostgreSQL</td>
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<td>select * from table limit 10</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Oracle 8i</td>
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<td>select * from (select * from table) where rownum <= 10</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>This feature of getting a subset of data is so useful that in the PHP class
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library ADOdb, we have a SelectLimit( ) function that allows you to hide the
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implementation details within a function that will rewrite your SQL for you:</p>
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<pre>$connection->SelectLimit('select * from table', 10);
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</pre>
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<p><b>Selects: Fetch Modes</b></p>
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<p>PHP allows you to retrieve database records as arrays. You can choose to have
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the arrays indexed by field name or number. However different low-level PHP
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database drivers are inconsistent in their indexing efforts. ADOdb allows you
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to determine your prefered mode. You set this by setting the variable $ADODB_FETCH_MODE
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to either of the constants ADODB_FETCH_NUM (for numeric indexes) or ADODB_FETCH_ASSOC
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(using field names as an associative index).</p>
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<p>The default behaviour of ADOdb varies depending on the database you are using.
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For consistency, set the fetch mode to either ADODB_FETCH_NUM (for speed) or
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ADODB_FETCH_ASSOC (for convenience) at the beginning of your code. </p>
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<p><b>Selects: Counting Records</b></p>
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<p>Another problem with SELECTs is that some databases do not return the number
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of rows retrieved from a select statement. This is because the highest performance
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databases will return records to you even before the last record has been found.
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</p>
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<p>In ADOdb, RecordCount( ) returns the number of rows returned, or will emulate
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it by buffering the rows and returning the count after all rows have been returned.
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This can be disabled for performance reasons when retrieving large recordsets
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by setting the global variable $ADODB_COUNTRECS = false. This variable is checked
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every time a query is executed, so you can selectively choose which recordsets
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to count.</p>
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<p>If you prefer to set $ADODB_COUNTRECS = false, ADOdb still has the PO_RecordCount(
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) function. This will return the number of rows, or if it is not found, it will
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return an estimate using SELECT COUNT(*):</p>
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<pre>$rs = $db->Execute("select * from table where state=$state");
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$numrows = $rs->PO_RecordCount('table', "state=$state");</pre>
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<p><b>Selects: Locking</b> </p>
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<p>SELECT statements are commonly used to implement row-level locking of tables.
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Other databases such as Oracle, Interbase, PostgreSQL and MySQL with InnoDB
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do not require row-level locking because they use versioning to display data
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consistent with a specific point in time.</p>
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<p>Currently, I recommend encapsulating the row-level locking in a separate function,
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such as RowLock($table, $where):</p>
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<pre>$connection->BeginTrans( );
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$connection->RowLock($table, $where); </pre>
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<pre><font color=green># some operation</font></pre>
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<pre>if ($ok) $connection->CommitTrans( );
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else $connection->RollbackTrans( );
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</pre>
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<p><b>Selects: Outer Joins</b></p>
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<p>Not all databases support outer joins. Furthermore the syntax for outer joins
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differs dramatically between database vendors. One portable (and possibly slower)
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method of implementing outer joins is using UNION.</p>
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<p>For example, an ANSI-92 left outer join between two tables t1 and t2 could
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look like:</p>
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<pre>SELECT t1.col1, t1.col2, t2.cola <br> FROM t1 <i>LEFT JOIN</i> t2 ON t1.col = t2.col</pre>
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<p>This can be emulated using:</p>
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<pre>SELECT t1.col1, t1.col2, t2.cola FROM t1, t2 <br> WHERE t1.col = t2.col
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UNION ALL
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SELECT col1, col2, null FROM t1 <br> WHERE t1.col not in (select distinct col from t2)
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</pre>
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<p>Since ADOdb 2.13, we provide some hints in the connection object as to legal
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join variations. This is still incomplete and sometimes depends on the database
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version you are using, but is useful as a general guideline:</p>
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<p><font face="Courier New, Courier, mono">$conn->leftOuter</font>: holds the
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operator used for left outer joins (eg. '*='), or false if not known or not
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available.<br>
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<font face="Courier New, Courier, mono">$conn->rightOuter</font>: holds the
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operator used for right outer joins (eg '=*'), or false if not known or not
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available.<br>
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<font face="Courier New, Courier, mono">$conn->ansiOuter</font>: boolean
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that if true means that ANSI-92 style outer joins are supported, or false if
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not known.</p>
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<h3><b>Inserts</b> </h3>
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<p>When you create records, you need to generate unique id's for each record.
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There are two common techniques: (1) auto-incrementing columns and (2) sequences.
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</p>
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<p>Auto-incrementing columns are supported by MySQL, Sybase and Microsoft Access
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and SQL Server. However most other databases do not support this feature. So
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for portability, you have little choice but to use sequences. Sequences are
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special functions that return a unique incrementing number every time you call
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it, suitable to be used as database keys. In ADOdb, we use the GenID( ) function.
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It has takes a parameter, the sequence name. Different tables can have different
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sequences. </p>
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<pre>$id = $connection->GenID('sequence_name');<br>$connection->Execute("insert into table (id, firstname, lastname) <br> values ($id, $firstname, $lastname)");</pre>
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<p>For databases that do not support sequences natively, ADOdb emulates sequences
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by creating a table for every sequence.</p>
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<h3><b>Binding</b></h3>
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<p>Binding variables in an SQL statement is another tricky feature. Binding is
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useful because it allows pre-compilation of SQL. When inserting multiple records
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into a database in a loop, binding can offer a 50% (or greater) speedup. However
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many databases such as Access and MySQL do not support binding natively and
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there is some overhead in emulating binding. Furthermore, different databases
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(specificly Oracle!) implement binding differently. My recommendation is to
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use binding if your database queries are too slow, but make sure you are using
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a database that supports it like Oracle. </p>
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<p>ADOdb supports portable Prepare/Execute with:</p>
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<pre>$stmt = $db->Prepare('select * from customers where custid=? and state=?');
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$rs = $db->Execute($stmt, array($id,'New York'));</pre>
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<p>Oracle uses named bind placeholders, not "?", so to support portable binding, we have Param() that generates
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the correct placeholder (available since ADOdb 3.92):
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<pre><font color="#000000">$sql = <font color="#993300">'insert into table (col1,col2) values ('</font>.$DB->Param('a').<font color="#993300">','</font>.$DB->Param('b').<font color="#993300">')'</font>;
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<font color="#006600"># generates 'insert into table (col1,col2) values (?,?)'
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# or 'insert into table (col1,col2) values (:a,:b)</font>'
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$stmt = $DB->Prepare($sql);
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$stmt = $DB->Execute($stmt,array('one','two'));
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</font></pre>
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<a name="native"></a>
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<h2>Portable Native SQL</h2>
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<p>ADOdb provides the following functions for portably generating SQL functions
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as strings to be merged into your SQL statements (some are only available since
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ADOdb 3.92): </p>
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<table width="75%" border="1" align=center>
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<tr>
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<td width=30%><b>Function</b></td>
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<td><b>Description</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>DBDate($date)</td>
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<td>Pass in a UNIX timestamp or ISO date and it will convert it to a date
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string formatted for INSERT/UPDATE</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>DBTimeStamp($date)</td>
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<td>Pass in a UNIX timestamp or ISO date and it will convert it to a timestamp
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string formatted for INSERT/UPDATE</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>SQLDate($date, $fmt)</td>
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<td>Portably generate a date formatted using $fmt mask, for use in SELECT
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statements.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>OffsetDate($date, $ndays)</td>
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<td>Portably generate a $date offset by $ndays.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Concat($s1, $s2, ...)</td>
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<td>Portably concatenate strings. Alternatively, for mssql use mssqlpo driver,
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which allows || operator.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>IfNull($fld, $replaceNull)</td>
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<td>Returns a string that is the equivalent of MySQL IFNULL or Oracle NVL.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Param($name)</td>
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<td>Generates bind placeholders, using ? or named conventions as appropriate.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td>$db->sysDate</td><td>Property that holds the SQL function that returns today's date</td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td>$db->sysTimeStamp</td><td>Property that holds the SQL function that returns the current
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timestamp (date+time).
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>$db->concat_operator</td><td>Property that holds the concatenation operator
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td>$db->length</td><td>Property that holds the name of the SQL strlen function.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td>$db->upperCase</td><td>Property that holds the name of the SQL strtoupper function.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td>$db->random</td><td>Property that holds the SQL to generate a random number between 0.00 and 1.00.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td>$db->substr</td><td>Property that holds the name of the SQL substring function.
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</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p> </p>
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<h2>DDL and Tuning</h2>
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There are database design tools such as ERWin or Dezign that allow you to generate data definition language commands such as ALTER TABLE or CREATE INDEX from Entity-Relationship diagrams.
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<p>
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However if you prefer to use a PHP-based table creation scheme, adodb provides you with this feature. Here is the code to generate the SQL to create a table with:
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<ol>
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<li> Auto-increment primary key 'ID', </li>
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<li>The person's 'NAME' VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL and defaults to '', </li>
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<li>The date and time of record creation 'CREATED', </li>
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<li> The person's 'AGE', defaulting to 0, type NUMERIC(16). </li>
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</ol>
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<p>
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Also create a compound index consisting of 'NAME' and 'AGE':
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<pre>
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$datadict = <strong>NewDataDictionary</strong>($connection);
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$flds = "
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<font color="#660000"> ID I AUTOINCREMENT PRIMARY,
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NAME C(32) DEFAULT '' NOTNULL,
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CREATED T DEFTIMESTAMP,
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AGE N(16) DEFAULT 0</font>
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";
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$sql1 = $datadict-><strong>CreateTableSQL</strong>('tabname', $flds);
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$sql2 = $datadict-><strong>CreateIndexSQL</strong>('idx_name_age', 'tabname', 'NAME,AGE');
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</pre>
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<h3>Data Types</h3>
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<p>Stick to a few data types that are available in most databases. Char, varchar
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and numeric/number are supported by most databases. Most other data types (including
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integer, boolean and float) cannot be relied on being available. I recommend
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using char(1) or number(1) to hold booleans. </p>
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<p>Different databases have different ways of representing dates and timestamps/datetime.
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ADOdb attempts to display all dates in ISO (YYYY-MM-DD) format. ADOdb also provides
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DBDate( ) and DBTimeStamp( ) to convert dates to formats that are acceptable
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to that database. Both functions accept Unix integer timestamps and date strings
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in ISO format.</p>
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<pre>$date1 = $connection->DBDate(time( ));<br>$date2 = $connection->DBTimeStamp('2002-02-23 13:03:33');</pre>
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<p>We also provide functions to convert database dates to Unix timestamps:</p>
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<pre>$unixts = $recordset->UnixDate('#2002-02-30#'); <font color="green"># MS Access date =gt; unix timestamp</font></pre>
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<p>For date calculations, we have OffsetDate which allows you to calculate dates such as <i>yesterday</i> and <i>next week</i> in a RDBMS independant fashion. For example, if we want to set a field to 6 hour from now, use:
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<pre>
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$sql = 'update table set dtimefld='.$db->OffsetDate($db->sysTimeStamp, 6/24).' where ...';
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</pre>
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<p>The maximum length of a char/varchar field is also database specific. You can
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only assume that field lengths of up to 250 characters are supported. This is
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normally impractical for web based forum or content management systems. You
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will need to be familiar with how databases handle large objects (LOBs). ADOdb
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implements two functions, UpdateBlob( ) and UpdateClob( ) that allow you to
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update fields holding Binary Large Objects (eg. pictures) and Character Large
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Objects (eg. HTML articles):</p>
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<pre><font color=green># for oracle </font>
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$conn->Execute('INSERT INTO blobtable (id, blobcol) VALUES (1,empty_blob())');
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$conn->UpdateBlob('blobtable','blobcol',$blobvalue,'id=1');
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<font color=green># non-oracle databases</font>
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$conn->Execute('INSERT INTO blobtable (id, blobcol) VALUES (1, null)');
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$conn->UpdateBlob('blobtable','blobcol',$blobvalue,'id=1');
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</pre>
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<p>Null handling is another area where differences can occur. This is a mine-field,
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|
|
because 3-value logic is tricky.
|
||
|
|
<p>In general, I avoid using nulls except for dates and default all my numeric
|
||
|
|
and character fields to 0 or the empty string. This maintains consistency with
|
||
|
|
PHP, where empty strings and zero are treated as equivalent, and avoids SQL
|
||
|
|
ambiguities when you use the ANY and EXISTS operators. However if your database
|
||
|
|
has significant amounts of missing or unknown data, using nulls might be a good
|
||
|
|
idea.
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
ADOdb also supports a portable <a href=http://phplens.com/adodb/reference.functions.concat.html#ifnull>IfNull</a> function, so you can define what to display
|
||
|
|
if the field contains a null.
|
||
|
|
<h3><b>Stored Procedures</b></h3>
|
||
|
|
<p>Stored procedures are another problem area. Some databases allow recordsets
|
||
|
|
to be returned in a stored procedure (Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase), and
|
||
|
|
others only allow output parameters to be returned. Stored procedures sometimes
|
||
|
|
need to be wrapped in special syntax. For example, Oracle requires such code
|
||
|
|
to be wrapped in an anonymous block with BEGIN and END. Also internal sql operators
|
||
|
|
and functions such as +, ||, TRIM( ), SUBSTR( ) or INSTR( ) vary between vendors.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>An example of how to call a stored procedure with 2 parameters and 1 return
|
||
|
|
value follows:</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre> switch ($db->databaseType) {
|
||
|
|
case '<font color="#993300">mssql</font>':
|
||
|
|
$sql = <font color="#000000"><font color="#993333">'<font color="#993300">SP_RUNSOMETHING</font>'</font></font>; break;
|
||
|
|
case '<font color="#993300">oci8</font>':
|
||
|
|
$sql =
|
||
|
|
<font color="#993300"> </font><font color="#000000"><font color="#993300">"declare RETVAL integer;begin :RETVAL := </font><font color="#000000"><font color="#993333"><font color="#993300">SP_RUNSOMETHING</font></font></font><font color="#993300">(:myid,:group);end;";
|
||
|
|
</font> break;</font>
|
||
|
|
default:
|
||
|
|
die('<font color="#993300">Unsupported feature</font>');
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
<font color="#000000"><font color="green"> # @RETVAL = SP_RUNSOMETHING @myid,@group</font>
|
||
|
|
$stmt = $db->PrepareSP($sql); <br> $db->Parameter($stmt,$id,'<font color="#993300">myid</font>');
|
||
|
|
$db->Parameter($stmt,$group,'<font color="#993300">group</font>');
|
||
|
|
<font color="green"># true indicates output parameter<br> </font>$db->Parameter($stmt,$ret,'<font color="#993300">RETVAL</font>',true);
|
||
|
|
$db->Execute($stmt); </font></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>As you can see, the ADOdb API is the same for both databases. But the stored
|
||
|
|
procedure SQL syntax is quite different between databases and is not portable,
|
||
|
|
so be forewarned! However sometimes you have little choice as some systems only
|
||
|
|
allow data to be accessed via stored procedures. This is when the ultimate portability
|
||
|
|
solution might be the only solution: <i>treating portable SQL as a localization
|
||
|
|
exercise...</i></p>
|
||
|
|
<h3><b>SQL as a Localization Exercise</b></h3>
|
||
|
|
<p> In general to provide real portability, you will have to treat SQL coding
|
||
|
|
as a localization exercise. In PHP, it has become common to define separate
|
||
|
|
language files for English, Russian, Korean, etc. Similarly, I would suggest
|
||
|
|
you have separate Sybase, Intebase, MySQL, etc files, and conditionally include
|
||
|
|
the SQL based on the database. For example, each MySQL SQL statement would be
|
||
|
|
stored in a separate variable, in a file called 'mysql-lang.inc.php'.</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre>$sqlGetPassword = '<font color="#993300">select password from users where userid=%s</font>';
|
||
|
|
$sqlSearchKeyword = quot;<font color="#993300">SELECT * FROM articles WHERE match (title,body) against (%s</font>)";</pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>In our main PHP file:</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><font color=green># define which database to load...</font>
|
||
|
|
<b>$database = '<font color="#993300">mysql</font>';
|
||
|
|
include_once("<font color="#993300">$database-lang.inc.php</font>");</b>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
$db = NewADOConnection($database);
|
||
|
|
$db->PConnect(...) or die('<font color="#993300">Failed to connect to database</font>');
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<font color=green># search for a keyword $word</font>
|
||
|
|
$rs = $db->Execute(sprintf($sqlSearchKeyWord,$db->qstr($word)));</pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>Note that we quote the $word variable using the qstr( ) function. This is because
|
||
|
|
each database quotes strings using different conventions.</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<h3>Final Thoughts</h3>
|
||
|
|
<p>The best way to ensure that you have portable SQL is to have your data tables designed using
|
||
|
|
sound principles. Learn the theory of normalization and entity-relationship diagrams and model
|
||
|
|
your data carefully. Understand how joins and indexes work and how they are used to tune performance.
|
||
|
|
<p> Visit the following page for more references on database theory and vendors:
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://php.weblogs.com/sql_tutorial">http://php.weblogs.com/sql_tutorial</a>.
|
||
|
|
Also read this article on <a href=http://phplens.com/lens/php-book/optimizing-debugging-php.php>Optimizing PHP</a>.
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<font size=1>(c) 2002-2003 John Lim.</font>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|